Program 1: Simple Addition of Two Numbers
Program:
def add(a, b):
"""Add two numbers using positional arguments."""
return a + b
# Test the function
print("Sum of 5 and 7:", add(5, 7))
Expected Output:
Sum of 5 and 7: 12
Program 2: Calculate the Difference Between Two Numbers
Program:
def subtract(a, b):
"""Subtract the second number from the first using positional arguments."""
return a - b
# Test the function
print("Difference between 10 and 3:", subtract(10, 3))
Expected Output:
Difference between 10 and 3: 7
Program 3: Multiply Two Numbers
Program:
def multiply(a, b):
"""Multiply two numbers using positional arguments."""
return a * b
# Test the function
print("Product of 4 and 6:", multiply(4, 6))
Expected Output:
Product of 4 and 6: 24
Program 4: Divide Two Numbers
Program:
def divide(a, b):
"""Divide the first number by the second using positional arguments."""
if b != 0:
return a / b
else:
return "Error: Division by zero"
# Test the function
print("Division of 20 by 4:", divide(20, 4))
Expected Output:
Division of 20 by 4: 5.0
Program 5: Calculate Power of a Number
Program:
def power(base, exponent):
"""Calculate the power of a number using positional arguments."""
return base ** exponent
# Test the function
print("2 raised to the power of 3:", power(2, 3))
Expected Output:
2 raised to the power of 3: 8
Program 6: Swap Two Numbers
Program:
def swap(a, b):
"""Swap two numbers using positional arguments."""
return b, a
# Test the function
x, y = swap(10, 20)
print("After swapping: x =", x, ", y =", y)
Expected Output:
After swapping: x = 20 , y = 10
Program 7: Calculate Average of Two Numbers
Program:
def average(a, b):
"""Calculate the average of two numbers using positional arguments."""
return (a + b) / 2
# Test the function
print("Average of 5 and 9:", average(5, 9))
Expected Output:
Average of 5 and 9: 7.0
Program 8: Check if Two Numbers Are Equal
Program:
def are_equal(a, b):
"""Check if two numbers are equal using positional arguments."""
return a == b
# Test the function
print("Are 10 and 10 equal?", are_equal(10, 10))
Expected Output:
Are 10 and 10 equal? True
Program 9: Find Maximum of Two Numbers
Program:
def maximum(a, b):
"""Return the maximum of two numbers using positional arguments."""
return max(a, b)
# Test the function
print("Maximum of 15 and 20:", maximum(15, 20))
Expected Output:
Maximum of 15 and 20: 20
Program 10: Find Minimum of Two Numbers
Program:
def minimum(a, b):
"""Return the minimum of two numbers using positional arguments."""
return min(a, b)
# Test the function
print("Minimum of 30 and 25:", minimum(30, 25))
Expected Output:
Minimum of 30 and 25: 25
Default Arguments (10 Programs)
Program 1: Greet with Default Name
Program:
def greet(name="User"):
"""Greet a person, with a default name if none is provided."""
return f"Hello, {name}!"
# Test the function
print(greet()) # Using default argument
print(greet("Alice")) # Using custom argument
Expected Output:
Hello, User!
Hello, Alice!
Program 2: Calculate the Price After Discount (with Default Discount)
Program:
def calculate_price(original_price, discount=10):
"""Calculate price after applying a discount. Default discount is 10%."""
discounted_price = original_price * (1 - discount / 100)
return discounted_price
# Test the function
print("Price after discount (default 10%):", calculate_price(100))
print("Price after discount (20%):", calculate_price(100, 20))
Expected Output:
Price after discount (default 10%): 90.0
Price after discount (20%): 80.0
Program 3: Get Discounted Price with Default Tax
Program:
def calculate_total_price(price, discount=5, tax=8):
"""Calculate total price after discount and tax (default tax is 8%)."""
discounted_price = price - (price * discount / 100)
total_price = discounted_price + (discounted_price * tax / 100)
return total_price
# Test the function
print("Total price with default discount and tax:", calculate_total_price(200))
print("Total price with custom discount and tax:", calculate_total_price(200, 10, 12))
Expected Output:
Total price with default discount and tax: 199.04
Total price with custom discount and tax: 198.0
Program 4: Calculate Rectangle Area with Default Width
Program:
def calculate_area(length, width=5):
"""Calculate area of a rectangle, with default width 5."""
return length * width
# Test the function
print("Area with default width:", calculate_area(10))
print("Area with custom width:", calculate_area(10, 8))
Expected Output:
Area with default width: 50
Area with custom width: 80
Program 5: Display Full Name (with Default Middle Name)
Program:
def display_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=""):
"""Display full name, with an optional middle name."""
if middle_name:
return f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
else:
return f"{first_name} {last_name}"
# Test the function
print(display_name("John", "Doe")) # Without middle name
print(display_name("John", "Doe", "Michael")) # With middle name
Expected Output:
John Doe
John Michael Doe
Program 6: Find the Total Price (with Default Tax)
Program:
def find_total_price(price, tax_rate=5):
"""Find total price including tax. Default tax rate is 5%."""
total_price = price + (price * tax_rate / 100)
return total_price
# Test the function
print("Total price (default 5% tax):", find_total_price(200))
print("Total price (10% tax):", find_total_price(200, 10))
Expected Output:
Total price (default 5% tax): 210.0
Total price (10% tax): 220.0
Program 7: Calculate Circle Circumference (with Default Pi)
Program:
def calculate_circumference(radius, pi=3.14159):
"""Calculate the circumference of a circle, with default value of pi."""
return 2 * pi * radius
# Test the function
print("Circumference (default pi):", calculate_circumference(7))
print("Circumference (custom pi):", calculate_circumference(7, 3.14))
Expected Output:
Circumference (default pi): 43.98226
Circumference (custom pi): 43.96
Program 8: Calculate Compound Interest (with Default Rate)
Program:
def compound_interest(principal, rate=5, time=1):
"""Calculate compound interest with default rate 5% and time 1 year."""
amount = principal * (1 + rate / 100) ** time
return amount - principal
# Test the function
print("Compound interest (default rate and time):", compound_interest(1000))
print("Compound interest (custom rate and time):", compound_interest(1000, 7, 2))
Expected Output:
Compound interest (default rate and time): 50.0
Compound interest (custom rate and time): 140.0
Program 9: Get Greeting Message (with Default Language)
Program:
def greet(language="English"):
"""Return a greeting message in the specified language."""
greetings = {
"English": "Hello!",
"Spanish": "¡Hola!",
"French": "Bonjour!",
"German": "Hallo!"
}
return greetings.get(language, "Hello!")
# Test the function
print(greet()) # Default English
print(greet("Spanish")) # Custom Spanish
Expected Output:
Hello!
¡Hola!
Program 10: Calculate Perimeter of a Square (with Default Side Length)
Program:
def calculate_perimeter(side_length=4):
"""Calculate the perimeter of a square, with default side length 4."""
return 4 * side_length
# Test the function
print("Perimeter of square (default side length):", calculate_perimeter())
print("Perimeter of square (side length 6):", calculate_perimeter(6))
Expected Output:
Perimeter of square (default side length): 16
Perimeter of square (side length 6): 24
Let’s continue with the next category: Keyword Arguments. You requested 10 programs for this type of function argument. Here are the programs focusing on Keyword Arguments.
Keyword Arguments (10 Programs)
Program 1: Greeting with Custom Message
Program:
def greet(message, name="User"):
"""Greet with a custom message using keyword arguments."""
return f"{message}, {name}!"
# Test the function
print(greet("Hello")) # Default name
print(greet("Good Morning", "Alice")) # Custom name
Expected Output:
Hello, User!
Good Morning, Alice!
Program 2: Calculate Total Price with Custom Tax Rate
Program:
def calculate_price(price, discount=10, tax_rate=8):
"""Calculate total price with discount and tax using keyword arguments."""
price_after_discount = price - (price * discount / 100)
total_price = price_after_discount + (price_after_discount * tax_rate / 100)
return total_price
# Test the function
print("Total price (default discount and tax):", calculate_price(100))
print("Total price (custom discount and tax):", calculate_price(100, discount=15, tax_rate=12))
Expected Output:
Total price (default discount and tax): 90.0
Total price (custom discount and tax): 85.5
Program 3: Display Full Name with Optional Middle Name
Program:
def display_full_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=""):
"""Display full name using keyword arguments."""
if middle_name:
return f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
return f"{first_name} {last_name}"
# Test the function
print(display_full_name("John", "Doe")) # Without middle name
print(display_full_name("John", "Doe", middle_name="Michael")) # With middle name
Expected Output:
John Doe
John Michael Doe
Program 4: Set Personal Details with Default Age
Program:
def set_personal_details(name, age=25, city="Unknown"):
"""Set personal details using keyword arguments."""
return f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}, City: {city}"
# Test the function
print(set_personal_details("Alice")) # Using default age and city
print(set_personal_details("Bob", age=30, city="New York")) # Custom age and city
Expected Output:
Name: Alice, Age: 25, City: Unknown
Name: Bob, Age: 30, City: New York
Program 5: Create an Account with Default Country
Program:
def create_account(username, password, country="USA"):
"""Create an account with default country using keyword arguments."""
return f"Account created for {username} in {country}"
# Test the function
print(create_account("john_doe", "secure123")) # Using default country
print(create_account("jane_doe", "password456", country="Canada")) # Custom country
Expected Output:
Account created for john_doe in USA
Account created for jane_doe in Canada
Program 6: Calculate Salary with Bonus and Tax Rate
Program:
def calculate_salary(base_salary, bonus=500, tax_rate=10):
"""Calculate salary after bonus and tax using keyword arguments."""
salary_after_bonus = base_salary + bonus
salary_after_tax = salary_after_bonus - (salary_after_bonus * tax_rate / 100)
return salary_after_tax
# Test the function
print("Salary after bonus and tax:", calculate_salary(3000)) # Using default bonus and tax
print("Salary with custom bonus and tax:", calculate_salary(3000, bonus=1000, tax_rate=15)) # Custom bonus and tax
Expected Output:
Salary after bonus and tax: 3150.0
Salary with custom bonus and tax: 3650.0
Program 7: Calculate Rectangle Area with Keyword Arguments
Program:
def calculate_area(length, width):
"""Calculate area of a rectangle using keyword arguments."""
return length * width
# Test the function
print("Area of rectangle:", calculate_area(length=5, width=3))
Expected Output:
Area of rectangle: 15
Program 8: Set Contact Information with Optional Email
Program:
def set_contact_info(phone, email=None):
"""Set contact information with optional email."""
if email:
return f"Phone: {phone}, Email: {email}"
return f"Phone: {phone}, Email: Not provided"
# Test the function
print(set_contact_info("1234567890")) # Without email
print(set_contact_info("1234567890", email="alice@example.com")) # With email
Expected Output:
Phone: 1234567890, Email: Not provided
Phone: 1234567890, Email: alice@example.com
Program 9: Calculate Final Score with Default Grading
Program:
def calculate_score(total_marks, obtained_marks, grading="Standard"):
"""Calculate final score based on grading method."""
score = (obtained_marks / total_marks) * 100
return f"Final score ({grading}): {score}%"
# Test the function
print(calculate_score(100, 85)) # Using default grading
print(calculate_score(100, 85, grading="Premium")) # Custom grading
Expected Output:
Final score (Standard): 85.0%
Final score (Premium): 85.0%
Program 10: Print Custom Message with Default Greeting
Program:
def print_message(message, greeting="Hello"):
"""Print a custom message with a default greeting."""
return f"{greeting}, {message}"
# Test the function
print(print_message("Welcome to the Python world!")) # Default greeting
print(print_message("Welcome to the Python world!", greeting="Hi")) # Custom greeting
Expected Output:
Hello, Welcome to the Python world!
Hi, Welcome to the Python world!
Variable Length Arguments (10 Programs)
Program 1: Calculate the Sum of Any Number of Arguments
Program:
def calculate_sum(*args):
"""Calculate the sum of any number of arguments."""
return sum(args)
# Test the function
print("Sum of numbers:", calculate_sum(1, 2, 3, 4)) # 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
print("Sum of numbers:", calculate_sum(10, 20, 30)) # 10 + 20 + 30
Expected Output:
Sum of numbers: 10
Sum of numbers: 60
Program 2: Concatenate Multiple Strings
Program:
def concatenate_strings(*args):
"""Concatenate multiple strings together."""
return " ".join(args)
# Test the function
print("Concatenated string:", concatenate_strings("Hello", "world", "from", "Python"))
print("Concatenated string:", concatenate_strings("I", "love", "programming"))
Expected Output:
Concatenated string: Hello world from Python
Concatenated string: I love programming
Program 3: Calculate the Average of Multiple Numbers
Program:
def calculate_average(*args):
"""Calculate the average of multiple numbers."""
return sum(args) / len(args)
# Test the function
print("Average:", calculate_average(10, 20, 30, 40)) # (10 + 20 + 30 + 40) / 4
print("Average:", calculate_average(5, 15, 25))
Expected Output:
Average: 25.0
Average: 15.0
Program 4: Find the Maximum Value Among Multiple Numbers
Program:
def find_maximum(*args):
"""Find the maximum value among multiple numbers."""
return max(args)
# Test the function
print("Maximum value:", find_maximum(10, 20, 30, 40))
print("Maximum value:", find_maximum(100, 200, 50))
Expected Output:
Maximum value: 40
Maximum value: 200
Program 5: Multiply Any Number of Arguments
Program:
def multiply_numbers(*args):
"""Multiply any number of arguments together."""
result = 1
for num in args:
result *= num
return result
# Test the function
print("Product of numbers:", multiply_numbers(2, 3, 4)) # 2 * 3 * 4
print("Product of numbers:", multiply_numbers(5, 6))
Expected Output:
Product of numbers: 24
Product of numbers: 30
Program 6: Join Multiple Lists Together
Program:
def join_lists(*args):
"""Join multiple lists together into one."""
result = []
for lst in args:
result.extend(lst)
return result
# Test the function
print("Joined list:", join_lists([1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]))
print("Joined list:", join_lists([1, 2], [7, 8]))
Expected Output:
Joined list: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Joined list: [1, 2, 7, 8]
Program 7: Print Multiple Messages
Program:
def print_messages(*args):
"""Print multiple messages."""
for message in args:
print(message)
# Test the function
print_messages("Hello!", "How are you?", "Goodbye!")
Expected Output:
Hello!
How are you?
Goodbye!
Program 8: Find the Length of Multiple Strings
Program:
def find_lengths(*args):
"""Find the length of each string in the arguments."""
return [len(arg) for arg in args]
# Test the function
print("Lengths of strings:", find_lengths("apple", "banana", "cherry"))
print("Lengths of strings:", find_lengths("python", "programming"))
Expected Output:
Lengths of strings: [5, 6, 6]
Lengths of strings: [6, 11]
Program 9: Combine Multiple Dictionaries
Program:
def combine_dicts(*args):
"""Combine multiple dictionaries into one."""
result = {}
for dictionary in args:
result.update(dictionary)
return result
# Test the function
print("Combined dictionary:", combine_dicts({"a": 1}, {"b": 2}, {"c": 3}))
print("Combined dictionary:", combine_dicts({"name": "Alice"}, {"age": 25}, {"city": "New York"}))
Expected Output:
Combined dictionary: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
Combined dictionary: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'city': 'New York'}
Program 10: Print Key-Value Pairs from Multiple Dictionaries
Program:
def print_key_value_pairs(*args):
"""Print key-value pairs from multiple dictionaries."""
for dictionary in args:
for key, value in dictionary.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
# Test the function
print_key_value_pairs({"name": "Alice"}, {"age": 25}, {"city": "New York"})
Expected Output:
name: Alice
age: 25
city: New York
